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Only when a sufficient number of quantum particles are interconnected can quantum computers perform tasks that are unsolvable for conventional computers. This - along with other unique selling points - is a key advantage of photonic platforms: Integrated architectures and sophisticated manufacturing processes offer enormous scaling potential. The aim of the PhoQuant joint project is to develop a purely photonic quantum computer based on Gaussian Boson Sampling (GBS) with at least 20 (after 2.5 years) or 100 (after 5 years) individually controllable channels. In addition to the development of a programmable GBS QC demonstrator with application-relevant algorithms, the focus is on the implementation of a user interface for industrial and academic users.

In the quantum computing test platform sub-project(PhoQuant-QCTest), essential components, including an optimised integrated squeezed light source and functionalities such as coherent shifts and homodyne detection, and algorithms for the demonstrator are being developed. Furthermore, an experimental test platform will be made available on which the developed components and algorithms can be tested under realistic conditions before they are transferred to the demonstrator. The components developed by project partners based on the new material system lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) will also be evaluated using the test platform. New and known GBS QC algorithms are verified by means of information-theoretical complexity investigations.
Seven groups from the Institute of Photonic Quantum Systems (PhoQS) with complementary expertise are carrying out the PhoQuant QC test sub-project.

The PhoQuant joint project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) for the period from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2026 and combines the expertise of 14 partners from academia and industry.

Further information can be found here.

Contact: Prof Dr Christine Silberhorn

Quantum technologies promise an immense transformative impact by utilising fundamental quantum mechanical effects for technological applications. Photons are the only reliable qubit for the transmission of quantum information and thus an essential resource for quantum technologies. However, quantum photonics will only fulfil the expectations of a breakthrough technology if it can be integrated in a scalable way. The project will demonstrate that the thin-film lithium niobate-on-insulator platform can connect all the building blocks of quantum photonics simultaneously on a single platform, leading to a fully integrated quantum photonic circuit. The result will be the first compatible integration platform combining semiconductor quantum emitters, rare-earth-based quantum memories, cryogenic electronics and superconducting single-photon detectors together with the outstanding features of CMOS-compatible lithium niobate on insulator: low-loss circuits and fast modulators. LiNQs will lay the foundation for Europe to be at the forefront of a future photonics-driven quantum technology industry.

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 101042672).

Contact: Prof Dr Klaus J?ns

Further information: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/208461/factsheet/en

Superconducting detectors are the gold standard of measuring instruments for the measurement of single photons. They offer unrivalled efficiencies, signal-to-noise ratios and temporal accuracies. As individual components, these detectors have already revolutionised the field of quantum optics and are now being used for remote sensing, space communications and even dark matter research.

One goal of this technology is to build larger arrays of these detectors for use in imaging or large-scale photon counting systems. The key to exploiting the performance of these detectors is to optimise the underlying quantum response function. This is achieved by characterising and developing the detectors using a process called quantum detector tomography. The aim of QuESADILLA is to implement this characterisation and optimise different degrees of freedom for the arrays of superconducting detectors. In this way, the detectors can not only count photons, but also provide spectral, spatial and temporal information about the measured optical state. This approach is used in the generation of high-contrast images, spectrally broadband optical scanning in the single photon range and photon counting in the high dynamic range.

The project will employ and equip three scientists for five years to develop the fabrication and characterisation tools to build the arrays of superconducting detectors.

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 101042399).

Contact: Prof Dr Tim Bartley

Further information: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/208461/factsheet/en

Understanding nonlinear optical properties of two-dimensional semiconductors and their heterostructures is essential for the successful design and fabrication of nanophotonic devices. Especially for purely photonic elements that only work with light, nonlinear properties need to be precisely controlled and combined with sophisticated functionalities. Such functionalities can be created by nanostructured materials, also known as metasurfaces or metamaterials. The local electromagnetic fields induced by metamaterials can be several orders of magnitude higher than the external illumination field. The project, funded by the ERC through the Consolidator Grant "NONLINMAT", focuses on combining the significantly enhanced electromagnetic fields from nanostructured metamaterials with semiconductor quantum structures in gallium nitride and atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides, such as monolayers of tungsten or hafnium disulphide (also known as 2D material).

In contrast to conventional bulk and quasi-2D semiconducting materials, the restriction of quantum states and the reduced dielectric shielding in 2D semiconductors enhance the interactions between the quasiparticles and lead to high exciton binding energies where many-body effects must be taken into account. In such a system of 2D semiconductors, investigations of many-body physics become a very exciting field of research to explore the fundamentals of quantum mechanics. In particular, unconventional high-order excitonic quasiparticles such as trions and biexcitons can exist, and the amplified electromagnetic fields of laser excitation can contribute to the observation of these quasiparticles and reveal the underlying many-body effects. On the other hand, nonlinear optical properties of nanostructured metamaterials can be modulated by atomically thin 2D materials. The localised surface resonances of nanostructures occur at the metal-2D semiconductor interfaces. Furthermore, by adjusting the frequency bands of the nanostructures that overlap with the emission bands of the 2D material, the resonant coupling of emission bands can lead to new physics, such as specially polarised surface plasmons.

The project investigates the influence of selective coupling mechanisms based on symmetry aspects of the nanostructures and the lattice symmetry of the 2D materials. The focus is on the improvement of non-linear optical effects and the control of properties with pure light. The results will lead to a deeper understanding of the coupling mechanisms between artificially produced nanostructures and natural material systems. On the other hand, the improved interaction between light and matter may lead to smaller and more efficient all-optical devices for future applications in quantum information processing.

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 724306).

Research contact: Prof. Dr. Thomas Zentgraf

Further information: https: //cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/208461/factsheet/en

One of the highest honours for researchers at the top international level is the "ERC Consolidator grant". This is awarded by the European Research Council to outstanding scientists at the beginning of their careers who have already made a name for themselves with pioneering projects.

Christine Silberhorn, head of the "Integrated Quantum Optics" group in Paderborn, received this award in 2016 for her project "Quantum Particles on Programmable Complex Reconfigurable Networks", or "QuPoPCoRN" for short, which was launched in July 2017. Since then, she and her team have been researching the dynamics and interactions of quantum particles in large networks, which are very challenging both in the field of theoretical conceptualisation and experimental implementation.

This research enables an understanding of the underlying structures of a wide range of physical phenomena. For this reason, a flexible, experimentally accessible setup is needed with the potential to study the interaction of perturbations, coherence and non-classical correlations. Therefore, the scientists are developing optical time-multiplexed networks together with tailored multiphoton states as an innovative platform for large quantum networks. With this approach, they can study the dynamics of multiple quantum particles on complex structures, in particular with regard to the role of bosonic interference, correlations and entanglement. Building such large network structures requires innovative strategies to minimise decoherence effects: Programmable perturbations, topologically protected quantum states and continuous distillation of entanglement properties are three approaches used by the scientists. The goals of QuPoPCoRN include a precise understanding of the role of many-particle quantum physics in large, complex structures using temporally multiplexed networks.

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 725366 ).

Scientific contact: Prof Dr Christine Silberhorn

The "UNIQORN" (Affordable Quantum Communication for Everyone) project was launched at the end of 2018 as part of the European research initiative "Quantum Flagship". The aim of the three-year project is to utilise photonic technologies in quantum communication. The optical systems, which currently require superstructures in the order of metres, are to be housed on millimetre-sized chips in the future. In addition to reducing the size and therefore the costs, the systems will become more robust and easier to reproduce.

"UNIQORN" is a joint project with partners from industry and universities. A total of 17 groups from various European countries are working together under the coordination of the Austrian "Austrian Institute of Technology". Special non-linear integrated optical components (e.g. photon pair sources) are to be developed in Paderborn, which will make a significant contribution to the desired miniaturisation. These components will then be combined by other project partners to form hybrid functional units in order to demonstrate their functionality in real communication networks using selected quantum applications.

The UNIQORN project is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme as part of sponsor agreement no. 82047474.

Scientific contact: Prof Dr Christine Silberhorn

Further information: https://quantum-uniqorn.eu/

Data security is critical to our modern society. With threats ranging from personal data and identity fraud to cyber-attacks that threaten the integrity of sovereign nations, the need for secure communications and computing has never been greater. In theory, quantum networks would address these problems as they are provably secure for cryptographic communication tasks. The next step is now to build physical quantum networks that implement such secure communication in practice. PhoQSNet, our proposal under the large-scale equipment initiative, will provide the infrastructure and technology needed to build a network for urban-scale photonic quantum systems.

The ambitious goal of PhoQSNet is to provide the infrastructure for a three-node quantum network. This will allow us to explore different configurations of quantum communication technology, including point-to-point protocols, quantum relays and quantum repeater nodes. We will explore protocols that utilise both discrete and continuous encoding of quantum information.

The physical fibre network will connect Buildings A and P on the main Paderborn University campus to the Heinz Nixdorf Institute, 3.6 km away. All three sites will be connected with commercial dark fibre from the city's standard fibre network. Each of the three nodes hosts a quantum transmitter and receiver station equipped with complementary components to realise different quantum communication protocols: Sources and detectors for quantum light and instruments to characterise quantum and classical channels. The modular structure of PhoQSNet ensures future compatibility with novel fibre-based quantum communication technologies. Our presented test network is therefore a key enabler for quantum communication applications.

Our initiative builds on an established collaboration between Electrical Engineering, Physics, Mathematics and Computer Science, which has been brought together in the recently founded Institute for Photonic Quantum Systems at Paderborn University. This provides our initiative with expertise in all relevant fields of the project, as well as an established umbrella organisation for its implementation and long-term sustainability. This unique interdisciplinary research environment with specialists in quantum sources and detectors, high-speed communication systems, codes and cryptography enables us not only to realise existing interdisciplinary projects, but also to establish ground-breaking future research directions and ensure the continued existence of PhoQSNet far beyond the first funding phase for years to come.

The PhoQS groups Hybrid Quantum Photonic Devices, Integrated Quantum Optics, Mesoscopic Quantum Optics and Circuit Technology are significantly involved in PhoQSNet. The project has been sponsored by the DFG for a period of five years since 2022. Further information can be found on the DFG project page.

Contact: Prof Dr Klaus J?ns

The project "Sub-Poissonian Photon Gun by Coherent Diffusive Photonics", PhoG for short, is one of 20 projects in the first funding phase of the European "Quantum Flagship", one of the largest and most ambitious research initiatives of the European Union.

In addition to Professor Silberhorn's "Integrated Quantum Optics" group in Paderborn, the consortium includes four other partners from the UK, Belarus and Switzerland. Led by Natalia Korolkova of the University of St Andrews, the partners will develop deterministic and compact sources for non-classical light states, so-called photon guns, by tailoring losses and couplings in integrated waveguide networks. These photon guns will then be used in various quantum technologies, e.g. to improve the frequency stability of atomic clocks. The Paderborn group will focus on the characterisation of non-classical light states.

The PhoG project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 820365.

Scientific contact: Prof Dr Christine Silberhorn

Further information: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~phog/

The exponential growth in data transfer worldwide is increasing the need for high-speed server communication in data centres. Providers of cloud and streaming services such as Google, Apple or Amazon require efficient server communication with high data rates. Innovative transceiver concepts are needed to enable efficient high-speed data transfer. Silicon photonics enables high cost and power loss efficiency through the integration of optical and electronic components together in one silicon chip. However, the low bandwidth of electro-optical modulators currently limits the overall speed of optical transmitters and receivers in silicon technology.

The NyPhE project is concerned with the development of an innovative transmitter and receiver structure that enables high data rates of up to 400 Gbit/s despite the low bandwidth of the electro-optical modulators. The speed of the modulator significantly determines the data rate of the overall system. However, by using optical Nyquist pulses, several modulators can be used in different channels, thereby increasing the overall speed. The rectangular frequency spectrum of the optical Nyquist pulses can be approximated by a frequency comb and generated using a CW laser and a Mach-Zehnder modulator (see Fig. 2a). As successive Nyquist pulses do not influence each other due to their characteristic frequency spectrum, several pulses can be modulated sequentially on different channels (see Fig. 2b) and then added together without loss of information (see Fig. 2c). This increases the overall bandwidth of the system and multiplies the data rate by the number of channels. On the receiver side, the signal can also be processed sequentially on several channels. For this purpose, the optical signal is split, converted into electronic signals using electro-optical modulators and photodiodes, amplified and output.

The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Partners in the project are the Technical University of Dresden, Sicoya GmbH, the Technical University of Braunschweig and Leoni AG.

Contact: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Scheytt

Further information: https: //www.hni.uni-paderborn.de/sct/projekte/nyphe/

The main goal of this project is to integrate and exploit highly efficient superconducting detectors on nonlinear waveguides in lithium niobate to enable new functionalities in quantum optics. The challenge is to preserve the advantages of lithium niobate while utilising low temperatures. We have already shown the first steps in this direction. What is new about this approach is the combination of these components and the potential to realise this process. To achieve this goal, we will combine the world-leading lithium niobate technology at Paderborn University together with superconducting detector technology from the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado. We plan to demonstrate five customised components that exemplify the diversity of our modular approach. Among other things, the aim is to adapt the properties of the lithium niobate waveguide substrate to the superconducting thin films and to optimise the non-linear properties of the lithium niobate at low temperatures.

In the future, these components will be considered as parts of a large quantum communication system, acting as flexible and necessary links between other components based on other platforms. In order to develop quantum technology and quantum communication in particular, a modular approach makes sense so that individual components can be optimised (and possibly repaired) separately without damaging the entire system. In the long term, it is hoped that our components can be customised with other technologies to provide added value and more functionality.

Scientific contact: Prof. Dr. Tim Bartley

Further information: https://www.photonikforschung.de/projekte/quantentechnologien/projekt/isoqc.html

Quantum technologies will have a transformative impact on our society; in particular quantum computing which utilises the fundamental quantum mechanical effect of entanglement for the efficient computation of tasks that cannot be performed with a classical computer in realistic time. Together with superconducting quantum states (qubits), photons are the only platforms that have already demonstrated such a quantum advantage.

However, quantum photonics will only fulfil its expectations as a breakthrough technology if it is integrated in a scalable way. The solution lies in quantum photonic one-way integrated quantum computing circuits, in which entangled photon cluster gates are used to encode and process quantum information on a compact photonic circuit.

In this project, Paderborn University will realise an integrated photonic circuit that enables this feed-forward operation thanks to ultra-fast integrated modulators and cryogenic electronics. Thanks to the thin-film lithium niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) platform, which has a large electro-optical effect, low transmission losses in a wide wavelength range and strong non-linearity, Paderborn University is able to realise all qubit manipulation operations of a one-way quantum computer on a single material platform. The simultaneous connection of all one-way quantum computing components on a single material platform ensures high compatibility and enables efficient scalability. Paderborn University is thus developing the core technology for the realisation of the first scalable, integrated one-way quantum computer demonstrator QPIC-1.

The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and will run from 1 September 2021 to 31 August 2025. Further information can be found on the BMBF project page.

Contact: Prof Dr Klaus J?ns

Ideal one-dimensional electronic systems have special properties, such as quantisation of conductivity, charge density waves and Luttinger liquid behaviour, and a large number of instabilities with a large number of associated phase transitions.

These are due to their reduced dimensionality and the associated high electronic correlations.

The exploration and identification of physical scenarios with one-dimensional properties with explicit consideration of 2D and 3D coupling is the central topic of the research group FOR1700, in which Professor Schmidt's group collaborates with researchers from Würzburg, Duisburg, Berlin, Rome, Hanover, Giessen, Chemnitz, Düsseldorf and Osnabrück.

Scientific contact: Prof Dr Wolf Gero Schmidt

Low-jitter signal sources are often used for object recognition, navigation and ultra-high-speed data communication systems. The jitter of the signal sources is dominated by the reference signal source, which is an oscillator with a surface acoustic wave resonator (SAW resonator) or with a crystal resonator. These low-noise reference oscillators are currently state of the art for communication systems. However, optical pulse trains generated with a mode-locked laser (MLL) can achieve a jitter that is 2-3 orders of magnitude smaller. It has also been shown [4] that by using an optoelectronic phase detector and a phase locked loop, a microwave oscillator can be coupled to an MLL. Such opto-electronic phase-locked loops (OEPLLs) have great potential for a new class of frequency synthesisers with extremely low jitter.

The main disadvantages of these OEPLLs are their large and expensive optical components. Electronic-photonic integrated circuits based on silicon photonics technology offer the potential for extreme miniaturisation of these optical components as well as the integration of optics and electronics, both at low cost.

The aim of this project is the implementation of a monolithic integrated OEPLL with an extremely low phase noise. In collaboration with our project partners at the Ruhr University Bochum, we are developing the next generation of low-jitter microwave signal sources. This type of signal source utilises a PLL that uses the optical pulse train of an MLL as a reference. In order to fully utilise the advantages of the reference signal in the optical field, phase detection is performed electro-optically using a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM).

In the first phase, the entire system is realised with modular components. In the second phase, the MZM and the electronics are integrated into a single silicon chip. The work will be accompanied by theoretical investigations, which will be validated by measurements.

The aim of the project is to ensure that the additive jitter of the OEPLL is smaller than the reference MLL jitter. The microwave signal would thus have an in-band jitter that far exceeds that of conventional electronic PLLs.

References:
[1] Kim et al, "Sub-100-as timing jitter optical pulse trains from mode-locked Er-fibre lasers," Optics letters, vol. 36, no. 22, pp. 4443-4445, 2011.
[2] "Ultra Low Phase Noise Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator," Vectron, Datasheet OX-305.
[3] "Voltage Controlled SAW Oscillator Surface Mount Model," Synergy Microwave, Datasheet HFSO1000-5.
[4] Jung et al, "Subfemtosecond synchronisation of microwave oscillators with mode-locked Er-fiber lasers," Optics letters, vol. 37, no. 14, pp. 2958-2960, 2012

Scientific contact: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Scheytt

Further information

The priority programme "Integrated Electronic-Photonic Systems for Ultra-Broadband Signal Processing" (SPP 2111) is a funding programme that deals with the still young research field of integrated electronic-photonic systems based on new nanophotonic/nanoelectronic semiconductor technologies, in particular silicon photonics and indium phosphide technologies. The programme is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and coordinated by Prof. Christoph Scheytt.

The aim of the Priority Programme is to investigate nanophotonic/nanoelectronic semiconductor technologies from a systems perspective and to find new concepts for electronic-photonic signal processing and algorithms, as well as new integrated electronic-photonic system architectures. The research focusses on three main areas:

• Ultra-wideband electronic-photonic signal processing with bandwidths far beyond electronic systems
• Frequency synthesis, analogue-digital converters, digital-analogue converters based on mode-locked lasers
• Optical and THz sensor technology

The research work is carried out in close interdisciplinary cooperation between researchers from semiconductor physics, electronics, photonics, computer science, communication technology, microsystems technology and sensor technology.

Contact: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Scheytt

More information about the SPP 2111 and a list of the projects funded in the first phase of the SPP (2018 to 2021) can be found in the DFG's GEPRIS funding database at: gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/359861158 .

Fast digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) are indispensable components in modern signal processing systems. Bandwidth and effective number of bits (ENOB) are important characteristics of fast DACs. At the same time, they represent a conflict of objectives when designing a DAC: The wider the bandwidth of the DAC, the lower the resolution typically is. The reasons for this are the jitter of the clock signal and the linearity of fast transistors, which are required for the output stage of the DAC [1]. These fundamental physical limitations motivate the search for new DAC concepts. Electronic-photonic DAC concepts and their integrated realisation using silicon photonics are particularly promising.

The aim of the PONyDAC project is to investigate electronic-photonic DACs by synthesising optical Nyquist pulses and optical/electronic time-interleaving. This concept will be implemented in state-of-the-art silicon photonics technology through the monolithic co-integration of photonic and electronic components. This completely new approach has the potential to multiply the signal bandwidth of today's DACs.

The functional principle is shown in Fig. 1. A Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) is fed optically by a continuous wave laser (CW) and electronically by a high-frequency signal source (RFG, radio frequency generator) with the lowest possible phase noise. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency of the signal as well as the operating point of the MZM, optical frequency combs can be generated which correspond to periodic Nyquist pulses with adjustable repetition rate and pulse width in the time domain [2]. In a subsequent optical power divider, the Nyquist pulse sequences are divided into N arms and delayed in relation to each other. The Mach-Zehnder modulators in the arms are controlled by electronic DACs [s_0 s_1...s_(N-1)] and modulate the light pulse in the respective arm. In an optical combiner, the modulated signals are superimposed to form a single output with a suitable delay (time-interleaving).

The concept of optical time-interleaving enables a very high output bandwidth, which can be many times the bandwidth of electronic DACs. The project aims to realise an electronic-photonic DAC in a modern silicon photonics technology [3] that achieves an output bandwidth of more than 100 GHz.

The PONyDAC project is sponsored by the German Research Foundation as part of the priority programme "Electronic-Photonic Integrated Systems for Ultrafast Signal Processing" (SPP 2111). The project partner is the Institute of High Frequency Technology at TU Braunschweig (Prof Thomas Schneider).

[1] M. Khafaji, J. C. Scheytt, et. al, "SFDR considerations for current steering high-speed digital to analogue converters," 2012 IEEE Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting (BCTM), Portland, OR, 2012
[2] M. A. Soto et al., "Optical sinc-shaped Nyquist pulses of exceptional quality," Nat. Commun., vol. 4, no. May, pp. 1-11, 2013.
[3] L. Zimmermann et al, "BiCMOS Silicon Photonics Platform," Opt. Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), San Diego, p. Th4E.5, 2015.

Scientific contact: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Scheytt

Today's society is based on rapid access to information. Having an information advantage is crucial in the fields of business, finance, politics and security. The majority of our information exchange takes place via the Internet. However, the current structure of our Internet not only has capacity limits, but data transmission is also not secure. We therefore need to invest in a future network that is capable of handling the massive flow of data and enabling secure data communication. Physics offers a solution to this difficult task in the form of the so-called quantum internet. With the help of quantum mechanics, it is possible to encode information on the smallest quantum of energy, a single particle of light, the photon. Information encoded on individual photons cannot be intercepted without the sender and the original receiver realising this. The basic concept is based on network nodes and special connections, which are the quantum mechanical analogue of the classic fibre optic amplifiers currently used to overcome transmission losses in standard networks to connect physically separated nodes. However, the same quantum mechanical principle (non-cloning theorem) that makes the network absolutely secure also makes classical signal amplification impossible. Qurope is developing quantum communication links that utilise a different quantum mechanical effect to overcome transmission losses: Entanglement swapping using quantum repeaters. This enables the transmission of quantum information without the need to send a single information carrier over the entire distance to the receiver. In order to realise such quantum repeaters, quantum memories and sources for entangled photon pairs are required. The aim of Qurope is to develop a hybrid quantum repeater architecture based on unequal quantum systems and to test its performance in real applications. The planned implementation is based on two breakthrough technologies that will be developed within the project:

(i) Near-ideal quantum dot-based sources for entangled photon pairs, which will be simultaneously characterised by high brightness, near-uniform degree of entanglement and indistinguishability, wavelength tunability and on-demand operation.

(ii) Efficient and broadband quantum memories specifically designed and developed for the storage and retrieval of polarisation entangled photons from quantum dots.

Different quantum dot quantum storage systems will be combined to develop near-infrared and telecom-based quantum repeaters, which will then be tested using entanglement-based quantum key distribution protocols both in free space and on optical fibres. This will be carried out in the consortium's elementary quantum network infrastructure - a major breakthrough that will pave the way for future large-scale realisation of secure quantum communication. The project combines semiconductor physics, nanofabrication technology, atomic physics and quantum optics and benefits greatly from the resulting synergy effects. Qurope thus has all the necessary tools to finally realise a functional hybrid quantum repeater between quantum network nodes, bringing us a big step closer to the quantum internet.

Contact: Prof Dr Klaus J?ns

The aim of the first funding period of the project is a library of components and analogue and digital basic circuits for sensor and communication applications based on amorphous metal oxides on flexible substrates. Field-effect transistors with amorphous n-type semiconductors deposited at or near room temperature are to be used to implement the hardware. Initially, these will be based on zinc tin oxide, but materials with higher mobility will also be investigated at a later stage. For the gate structure, MISFET, MESFET and JFET (based on amorphous oxide p-type semiconductors) will be compared and the most suitable technology for circuits on flexible substrates (criteria: DC and AC behaviour, behaviour under mechanical and electrical stress, simplicity and reproducibility of fabrication) will be selected and followed up in more detail. The entire manufacturing process is limited to temperatures below 100 °C. The deposition process for the amorphous semiconductor materials, which is currently carried out with PLD at room temperature, is to be transferred to sputtering and optimised, as this method is established in the industry and allows scaling for future applications. Based on the production and characterisation of the passive and active components, model libraries are to be developed that enable the basis of circuit simulations of analogue and digital basic circuits. For the first demonstrators, the frequency of 6.8 MHz is aimed at, and in the further course of the project the ISM band at 13.5 MHz for sensor and communication applications on flexible substrates, e.g. close to the human body. This results in the desire to collaborate with a third group in the second funding period, which is active in the field of communication technology, sensor technology or medical electronics. The results, including the model, component and circuit libraries, are therefore not only to be published, but above all offered to the partners as part of the FFlexCom priority programme.

Scientific contact: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Thiede

Further information

Silicon-based analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) operating at sampling rates in the double-digit GSa/s field are state of the art today. Although these converters now operate at unprecedented sampling rates, the effective resolution (effective number of bits, ENOB) and the analogue bandwidth are improving only slowly. A major obstacle to the further improvement of bandwidth and resolution is the so-called aperture jitter, i.e. the temporal uncertainty of the sampling, which limits the product of ENOB and bandwidth. The best ADCs currently available achieve an aperture jitter of approx. 60fs, which corresponds approximately to the clock jitter of the low-noise electronic clock generators used [1]. A further reduction will only be possible, especially for sampling rates in the high GHz field, if the clock jitter is significantly reduced. In contrast, ultra-stable mode-locked laser sources (MLLs) already exhibit a clock jitter of a few attoseconds [2]. If these sources were used as a reference for sampling, the performance of the ADCs could be improved by several bits, which has already been demonstrated with discrete electronic-photonic ADCs [1].
As part of this research project, we are investigating ultra-broadband electronic-photonic ADCs in silicon photonics technology. The aim is to experimentally demonstrate a significant improvement of the ENOB bandwidth product. This would mean a revolutionary improvement in the state of the art, which is made possible by the low jitter, high bandwidth and massive parallelisation capability of integrated optics. For this purpose, two different electronic-photonic ADC architectures and novel electronic-photonic sampling techniques will be investigated in the joint project, for which analogue bandwidths of 500GHz and 100 GHz, as well as an ENOB of 5 and 8 bit, respectively, are to be achieved.
The PACE project is sponsored by the German Research Foundation as part of the priority programme "Electronic-Photonic Integrated Systems for Ultrafast Signal Processing" (SPP 2111). The project partners are RWTH Aachen University (Prof Jeremy Witzens), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Prof Christian Koos) and the University of Hamburg / DESY (Prof Franz-Xaver K?rtner).

[1] A. Khilo et al, "Photonic ADC: overcoming the bottleneck of electronic jitter," Opt. Express, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 4454, 2012.

[2] A. J. Benedick, J. G. Fujimoto, and F. X. K?rtner, "Optical flywheels with attosecond jitter," Nat. Photonics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 97-100, 2012.

Scientific contact: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Scheytt

The "MiLiQuant" research project (miniaturised light sources for industrial use in quantum sensors and quantum imaging systems) was launched in 2019 and aims to make the latest developments in quantum technology usable for industry and society. Specifically, this involves miniaturised light sources for industrial use in sensors and imaging systems. The programme is a joint project between the companies Q.ant, Zeiss, Bosch and Nanoscribe as well as Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and Paderborn University. The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) is supporting MiLiQuant with around EUR 9.4 million until the beginning of 2021 as part of the "Key Components for Quantum Technologies" funding initiative.

In the joint MiLiQuant project, beam sources based on diode lasers are being further developed to enable the industrial use of quantum technologies. To this end, miniaturised, frequency-stable and power-stable beam sources are to be realised that allow adjustment- and maintenance-free use even outside of laboratory conditions. The application addressed is quantum-based imaging processes in the visible and infrared range for radiation-reduced microscopy of living cells.

Within this project, the Silberhorn group is developing waveguide structures in the near-infrared at a wavelength of 2.5 ?m. In addition, photon pair correlations for imaging techniques are being investigated. In addition to the theoretical development of suitable quantum protocols, this also includes the practical implementation and demonstration in the quantum optics laboratory. Over the next three years, work will be carried out to transfer the scientific results to industry as seamlessly as possible.

Scientific contacts: Prof. Dr Christine Silberhorn Dr Benjamin Brecht, Dr Christof Eigner

Further information

The ApresSF project was launched in spring 2020 as part of the QuantERA funding network, which aims to network quantum technology research internationally in Europe. The aim of the project is to develop an application-friendly hardware and software platform for super-resolution time and frequency measurements.

In addition to the Paderborn "Integrated Quantum Optics" group headed by Professor Christine Silberhorn, other partners from Poland, the Czech Republic, Spain and France are also involved in this project. Under the leadership of Professor Lukasz Rudnicki from the University of Gdansk, the three-year project is developing new theoretical approaches and quantum components for measuring frequency and time intervals that achieve a level of accuracy that cannot be realised using classical methods. The Paderborn group, led by Dr Benjamin Brecht, will develop and manufacture the necessary quantum components and carry out high-precision experiments.

ApresSF is sponsored by the BMBF as part of the QuantERA programme, which is funded by the EU as part of the Horizon 2020 RIA programme.

Scientific contact persons:Dr Benjamin Brecht,Prof. Dr. Christine Silberhorn

Further information

Project profile

The QuICHE project was launched in spring 2020 as part of the QuantERA funding network, which aims to network quantum technology research internationally in Europe. In this project, innovative approaches to quantum communication with large alphabets are being researched and implemented with the aim of increasing both bit rates and the security of communication against eavesdropping.

In addition to the Paderborn "Integrated Quantum Optics" group headed by Professor Christine Silberhorn, other partners from Italy, Germany, Great Britain, France and Poland are also involved in this project. Under the leadership of Professor Chiara Macchiavello from INFN Pavia, QuICHE is laying new theoretical foundations for quantum communication with large alphabets. Data is usually encoded as "0" and "1". However, it has already been shown that the use of larger alphabets has real advantages for quantum communication, for example an increased probability of detecting an eavesdropper. In QuICHE, we are researching optimised coding methods and their experimental implementation. The Paderborn group, led by Dr Benjamin Brecht, will experimentally implement new coding methods and realise high-dimensional quantum communication in experiments.

QuICHE is sponsored by the BMBF as part of the QuantERA programme, which is funded by the EU as part of the Horizon 2020 RIA programme.

Scientific contact persons:Dr Benjamin Brecht,Prof. Dr. Christine Silberhorn

Further information:

http://quiche.fuw.edu.pl/

https://www.forschung-it-sicherheit-kommunikationssysteme.de/projekte/quiche

https://www.quantera.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=99:quantum-information-and-communication-with-high-dimensional-encoding&catid=12:quantera-call-2019-funded-projects&Itemid=251

The ability to carry out measurements and analyse them appropriately is of crucial importance for the progress of THz communication systems. However, metrology at THz frequencies is still at an early stage and, as of today, only covers detector calibration, ultrafast measurement devices and the measurement uncertainty analysis of various THz spectrometers. In this DFG Research Unit (Metrology for THz Communication (FOR 2863)), a consortium of universities, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the National Physics Laboratory of Great Britain (NPL) is systematically addressing the most important challenges of THz metrology. The aim is to establish measurement methods that are traceable to the International System of Units (SI), to evaluate THz measuring instruments and to carry out THz system measurements.

As part of the Meteracom project, the Circuit Technology Group is contributing its expertise in the field of optoelectronic frequency synthesisers with ultra-low jitter. With the help of these synthesisers, it is possible to increase the maximum data rate, which is theoretically limited by the jitter of the local oscillator in the transceiver. In addition, the switching technology group is developing ultra-wideband optically switched sampling ICs and a new generation of optical Nyquist pulse sampling ICs in an advanced silicon photonics technology.

Website: www.meteracom.de

Scientific contact:

PhD student:
Meysam Bahmanian
Responsible for frequency synthesizer and high speed ADC design.
Email: meysam.bahmanian[at]uni-paderborn University.de

Supervisor:
Christoph Scheytt
Email: christoph.scheytt[at]hni.uni-paderborn University.de

Publications:

Bahmanian, Meysam; Fard, Saeed; Koppelmann, Bastian; Scheytt, Christoph: Wide-Band Frequency Synthesizer with Ultra-Low Phase Noise Using an Optical Clock Source In: 2020 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Los Angeles, CA, USA, 4 - 6 Aug. 2020, IEEE (Details)

Scheytt, Christoph; Wrana, Dominik; Bahmanian, Meysam; Kallfass, Ingmar: Ultra-Low Phase Noise Frequency Synthesis for THz Communications Using Optoelectronic PLLs. In: International 365体育_足球比分网￥投注直播官网 on mobile THZ Systems (IWMTS), 2 - 3 Jul. 2020 IWMTS (Details)

STORMYTUNE is a three-year project within the framework of the EU Horizon 2020 FET Open Call, which starts in October 2020. The strategic goal of STORMYTUNE is to establish quantum time and frequency measurements as a quantum technology. To this end, we are developing new, quantum-inspired approaches for high-resolution time and frequency measurements that are robust and easy to implement and thus relevant for applications.

Quantum metrology is a dynamic field of research that is evolving from a playground for new theoretical concepts into a technology to be taken seriously. The first quantum gravity sensors are currently in the industrial test stage. Quantum time and frequency measurements, on the other hand, have been little researched despite a wide range of possible applications - examples include GPS, LIDAR and microscopy - and are often based on the use of fragile quantum states. Under the coordination of Professor Silberhorn's Paderborn group "Integrated Quantum Optics", STORMYTUNE is breaking new ground here. Together with other partners from the UK, France, Italy, Spain, the Czech Republic and Poland, we are shifting the focus away from the use of impractical quantum states towards the realisation of application-friendly quantum measurements. The combination of quantum properties such as entanglement, efficient data processing and targeted component development will ultimately lead to the development of a set of instruments for high-resolution time and frequency measurements suitable for everyday use. Led by Dr Benjamin Brecht, Paderborn researchers will develop new quantum components and measurements in STORMYTUNE and demonstrate them in experiments.

STORMYTUNE is funded by the EU as part of the Horizon 2020 RIA programme under the reference number 899587.

Scientific contact persons: Dr Benjamin Brecht,Prof. Dr Christine Silberhorn

In cooperation with partners from industry and research institutes, our specialist group develops highly integrated electro-optical MIMO radar sensors for applications in the field of highly automated driving. In contrast to other sensor concepts for automated driving, such as lidar (light detection and ranging), VLC (visible light communication) or camera-based systems, radar-based systems are significantly more robust against environmental influences such as ambient light, rain, snow, fog, etc. In addition, radar systems are able to reliably detect objects even over very long distances. However, the angular resolution of even modern radar systems is currently not sufficient for automatic driving.

The limiting factor for angular resolution is, among other things, the maximum area of the antenna array (antenna aperture), because the larger the antenna aperture, the better the angular resolution of the radar system, i.e. smaller objects are better detected.

A major challenge here is the communication between the high-frequency radar front ends (77 GHz radar chip with antenna) and the central station, where the transmit signals are generated and the receive signals are processed. Even at moderate frequencies of a few GHz, the maximum distance between the antennas is limited to a few cm due to losses in the electrical cables (several dB/cm). In contrast to electrical cables, optical fibres only have losses in the field of 0.1dB/km even at very high frequencies, which makes it possible to design the distance between the antennas to be almost arbitrarily large, allowing the angular resolution to be set almost arbitrarily fine.

The world's first integrated photonic-electronic radar chips were developed as part of the project. The optical signal is coupled into the chip via grating couplers, converted into an electrical signal by means of a photodiode and transimpedance amplifier, mixed up into the radar band of 76 GHz-77 GHz, which is licensed for automotive applications, before being amplified in a buffer amplifier and a power amplifier.

Contact: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Scheytt